NEWS
JUNE 2023
Geoff Davis is in THE THINKING MACHINE show from Expanded Art in Berlin, it starts Tuesday 6th June 2023 to 27th June. Please visit https://www.expanded.art/exhibitions/the-thinking-machine
“The exhibition presents pioneers from different generations, early 1950s until today, working in the field of generative art. On view will be, among others, plotter drawings, generative photography, sculptures, and NFTs from 25 international artists.”
Artists: Ai-Da Robot, Victor Acevedo, Vladimir Bonačić, Analivia Cordeiro, Pierre Cordier, Geoff Davis, Hans Dehlinger, Primavera de Filippi, Herbert W. Franke, Hein Gravenhorst, Ira Greenberg, Samia Halaby, Heinrich Heidersberger, Karl Martin Holzhäuser, Roger Humbert, Gottfried Jäger, Mario Klingemann, Zach Lieberman, LoVid, Kevin and Jennifer McCoy, Lee Mullican, Frieder Nake, Aaron Penne, Manuel Rossner, Marcel Schwittlick, Travess Smalley, Marina Zurkow
JUNE & MARCH 2023
Computer Arts Society Talks
AI Image Talk CAS Geoff Davis 2023 
Geoff Davis did 2 AI talks for CAS, AI and Text (March) and AI and Image (June). Please visit CAS Events for the videos.
The 2 x AI talk transcripts are on the Geoff Davis website
(AI and Art video and transcript will be on soon).
MAY 2023
Geoff Davis edited this AI and Creative Writing book, and has a few pieces in it:
AI Creative Writing Anthology: 20 Authors Share How to Use Computer Tools
Visit Goodreads for reviews, sample, purchase links.
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/123894053-ai-creative-writing-anthology
FEBRUARY 2023
Gallery show and drop: Launch of new Micro Arts Cube videos and Micro Arts Grid 88
with elementum.art Zurich Switzerland
Please click here to visit elementum.art
Thanks to Georg Bak (Zurich) and Dr. Sean Clark (London CAS/BCS and Leicester Depot/Computer Arts Archive).
Why Cubes?
When making these videos, I wanted a 3D animation to display the generative art. The video came out really well using cubes rather than a 3D display panel.
Cubes have a history in art, reviled by Futurists (‘The Painting of Sounds, Noises and Smells’, Marinetti, 1913) and admired by conceptualists. Sol LeWitt’s ‘Variations of Incomplete Open Cubes’ (1974) and Manfred Mohr’s ‘Cubic Limit’ series from 1973. In Star Trek, the Borg spaceship is in sharp contrast to the sleek curves of the Starship Enterprise.
There’s also the link to modern CGI graphics as used in movies, and everywhere else. Cubes are a 3D primitive used in computer graphics from the start of the industry.
Metavista – music on the new cube videos
Now on Spotify etc.
40 years – Generative Art on Data Cassettes to 3D VR and new format art – 1983 to 2023 (this is a 49 grid)
Micro Arts Group was founded in 1984 by Geoff Davis along with an international group of young artists and programmers. Low cost readily available microcomputers were used to create generative, text and conceptual art for distribution to the public. This was the first time computer art appeared outside of academia or research labs, and first time curated generative and conceptual art was publically distributed.
The generative art for MA1 “Abstract Originals” was coded in 1983 – it’s on the grid above. Micro Arts released computer generated art, conceptual pieces and story generators on data cassettes and pre-internet Prestel (like Minitel) teletext, produced an educational print Magazine, and provided a forum for computer artists and musicians.
It was well reviewed in the mainstream computer press such as Computer News, Personal Computer World, Blitz fashion magazine, A&B Computing, Sinclair User and Acorn User. The microcomputers used were the Sinclair Spectrum and the BBC Micro, iconic machines from the early 1980s, plus other art using the Quantel Paintbox, the first video computer graphics machine.
There was also an educational print Magazine which published the first Quantel art in 1984, two years before David Hockney was ‘playing with light’ on the BBC. We also did idents for the London pirate TV broadcaster Network21 with Bruno DF.
QUICK LINKS
Videos of generative computer art
We are featured in the UK’s national Computer Arts Archive
Read academic paper on Micro Arts by Professor Sean Clark: Revisiting and Re-presenting 1980s Micro Computer Art
There is a detailed book History of Micro Arts 1984-85
For artist information see People
Geoff’s AI research and new fiction news on the Geoff Davis website
ORIGINALS
There were many art history firsts:
- generative art and text story generators from 1984, with long form generaative art from 1983, in releases MA1 “Abstract Originals”, MA3, MA4.
- public digital art collections distributed data cassettes 1984, and Prestel (similar to Minitel) teletext pre-internet, from 1985 onwards
- endless short stories displayed onscreen in MA4 Story Generator
- the first Quantel art published in 1984, in the Magazine
- print Magazine with educational articles and art
- conceptual digital art in MA2 Various Unusual Events
- code art, math art and code onscreen with sound in MA2
- slow art, a 2 year art program (MA2)
- Solanas / Warhol animation about Universal Basic Income UBI (MA2)
- Dada text generator (MA2)
- woven / scrolling art, Anni Albers art, piano player sequencer, Jacquard loom machine (MA2)
- combined figurative and generative computer art with sound (MA2)
- and more – please research via this website.
This website contains descriptions and photos of all art works produced, and a full copy of the first magazine. The programmers were Geoff Davis (MA1, MA2 and MA4) and Martin Rootes (MA3).
Recent activity
Micro Arts was revived in 2019 by Prof. Sean Clark. He has organised several exhibitions with the Computer Arts Archive (part of CAS). The British Computer Society, Moorgate, London, is exhibiting works until November 2022. Previous shows include LCB Depot Leicester (2021) and the London Film-Makers Co-op (1985).
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Above: Geoff Davis at the LCB Depot exhibition, Leicester 2020. Still images display. Live generative art was also shown, and micro hardware, the data cassettes, the Magazine, etc.
Micro Arts was well reviewed in the computer press at the time. Geoff Davis went on to teach and research computer graphics and generated text at Sheffield art college, Middlesex University (Cat Hill), and the London Institute (now UAL).
For news of AI research, the forthcoming AI fiction anthology, and a new novel Circular River, please visit the Geoff Davis website. (Not to be confused with Jeff Davis USA.)
Micro Arts Group
The 1980s were a time of great change in computer technology, reflected in art production. Micro Arts was not academic or involved in the private gallery commercial art system. There was no interest from galleries at the time unlike now. It was exhibited at the London Film-Makers Co-operative in 1985, where Geoff occasionally worked.
The computer art was programmed for consumer micro computers, the ZX Spectrum and BBC Micro. Commodore, Apple and IBM PC versions were not released. There was also a wide-ranging print magazine. Prestel release was via Micronet 800, editor David Babsky.
2022-2023
New work using the generative art with 3D videos and music, with Patryk Jaworski of Etalon. News of new releases on soon.
Computer Arts Archive: Micro Arts Group is featured in the UK’s Computer Arts Archive.
1980s Releases
This is a full list of public releases:
MA1: ‘Abstract Originals’ – Geoff Davis (7 segued generative art programs)
MA3: Vol 1. – Martin Rootes (animated art programs, based on Muybridge, Duchamp etc.)
MA4: Cow Boils Head – Geoff Davis (text story generator)
Magazine
Free distribution by Arts Express. Page scans are here.
Book
There is a detailed book History of Micro Arts 1984-85
Exhibitions
Micro Arts Group – Computer Arts Archive CAA exhibition at BCS Moorgate July 2022 – just launched the Micro Arts Group exhibition curated and launched by Sean Clark during the Electronic Visualisation and the Arts EVA London conference.
Above: Geoff Davis at exhibition with live running 1980s generative art and print displays
Above: Professor Sean Clark introducing the Micro Arts exhibition, Computer Arts Archive, at BCS Moorgate London July to end September 2022
Read academic paper by Professor Sean Clark: Revisiting and Re-presenting 1980s Micro Computer Art
https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.14236/ewic/EVA2021.52
Visit: Facebook CAS Micro Arts Group for updates.
Micro Arts Group exhibition London 2022 at BCS
This is our second recent exhibition, the last was at LCB Depot, Leicester – see photos below, Geoff Davis and documentary maker and 3D videographer Patryk Jaworsky at a later music event (left).
Technology
Micro Arts used only readily available home microcomputers such as the Sinclair Spectrum and the BBC Micro. This was to promote computer art in the nascent domestic computer market of the 1980s. There were other small computers made by Commodore, Atari, Apple, Amstrad, Dragon, Oric, the Acorn Electron (a smaller BBC Micro), and others in the DIY format such as Elektor and Heathkit. Some of these had been around since the late 70s. The IBM Personal Computer (PC) defined a standard open architecture for any manufacturer in 1981, which led to a big reduction in prices, but these were too expensive at the time for general home use.
The later home micros were marketed like other ‘hi tech’ consumer items. The 8-bit ZX Spectrum in particular was very cheap and had what seemed like full colour (16 colours), following on from the black and white of the earlier ZX81. It was easy to program and kick started a new wave of young programmers and computer enthusiasts. The ZX Spectrum and BBC Micro were used for the releases as the two programmers (Geoff and Martin) had purchased them for home use. Kraftwerk’s Computer World album had been a major hit, and the band had featured on the BBC Tomorrow’s World TV science show. Music had become digitised with samplers and techno equipment appearing in the mainstream. The ZX Spectrum SpecDrum was a popular audio sampler, at the start of the electronic computer music scene. This positive vibe was the inspiration for the spoof ‘Clive Sinclair’ inspiring editorial in Micro Arts Magazine, reprinted later.
The Spectrum programs were run on emulators on a PC. Speccy is the one most recently used. The old Spectrum programs are only saved as snapshot files (.sna). We have used various palettes for different purposes. Now we have p5.js versions which are different to the originals. These will be on our new genartists.com website.
Computer Art Background
Geoff Davis had been communicating (by letter) with American computer artist Harold Cohen who produced computer art using small floor robots, called turtles. He was approached to write something about his work and computer art for the Magazine. This never happened. His comment was that everything depended on marketing. How true!
He wrote the AARON software from 1973, to generate art using rules derived from his own abstract painting. The program controlled the turtles’ movement and paint actions. It drew lines flat on a horizontal sheet, and then filled in the shapes. These were quite large, sometimes metres along the sides. Over the years he made AARON more sophisticated, trying to get it to better mimic his creative methods. Later it was programmed to create a field and foreground for the art, with a simple sort of depth, which changed the appearance of the generated art. Cohen coded AARON to produce individual works in his own style, a kind of immortality. Later he moved away from physical art creation and used tablets to make and modify generated work.
The use of a unique machine to create computer art persists in the work of Mario Klingemann with Memories of Passersby I (2018), which has a computer running custom machine learning systems inside a vintage cabinet, making so-called ‘AI art’, mutated reproductions of existing paintings, on two monitors in real time.
The other main type of historical computer art used mass produced machines, and a personal input. Text printer ‘ASCII art’, was coded (or rather, typed in) by programmers using dot matrix printers to create images of Marylyn Monroe, Star Wars, etc. ‘Studies in Perception I’ by Ken Knowlton and Leon Harmon (1966) is the first popular appearance of computer art. ASCII comics also existed. This art form relied on fixed width fonts, and soon became obsolete as newer printers used variable width fonts. At the time it was called computer art but was really a form of typewriter art.
Text and story generation has progressed from simulated chat systems and the Turing Test (such as ELIZA, 1964), to James Ryan’s Sheldon County (2018), a procedurally generated fiction that is converted using a speech generator into a unique podcast for each listener. His program Hennepin uses the ‘world’s biggest spreadsheet’ to generate the fictional worlds.
Micro Arts MA4: Cow Boils Head story generator program (Geoff Davis, 1985) also used a dataset (many lists of words linked to each word in a seed story) to generate stories. This was a simple method to suit the small memory of the micro computer.
The aim of Micro Arts was to take some of these varied computer art ideas and distribute them to the new generation of computer developers and artists, and the general public.
Releases
Micro Arts created generative graphics and art, figurative animations, and text story generation. The menu options provided colour selection, and encouraged using the art generators in a loop, to provide visual ambiance. More detail on each release follows.
There was also Micro Arts Magazine on computer art and music, and theory (or at least some ideas). Articles included popular topics of the day, such as ‘Language as a Virus’ (influenced by William Burroughs), ‘Electronic Beowulf’, synthesiser and computer music etc. All pages from the magazine are included later.
Micro Arts was aimed at artists and the general market. Some of the work, including a continuous story text generator Cow Boils Head, was shown in art exhibitions in London. NetWork 21, the London pirate TV station, later contacted Micro Arts for titles and idents.
Formats and Prestel teletext
Micro Arts software was initially released on data cassettes. Some micro computers used cartridges for software, but these needed special manufacture. By 1985 all of the material, including the art and story generation software, was on TV as teletext in the national Prestel Micronet 800 service. Teletext ran on normal TVs and provided instant news, sports and hobbies, etc., controlled by the remote. Teletext contrasted with the strictly programmed TV schedules. It was the start of the change of television consumption from broadcast only to an interactive service. See later for more on Prestel and teletext.
Hardware
Sinclair ZX Spectrum
This had a, for the time, ‘generous’ 48K of RAM. A standard laptop today might have 4GB RAM. The hardware structure was very simple, and coding was intricate but very flexible.
That’s about a thousandth of one per cent (0.0012%) of current working memory.
“The Spectrum had nothing. Architecturally, it was a really simple machine for a programmer – it was just a load of ram [random access memory] and a processor; and the screen itself was just dealt with as part of the ram. You had to do everything the hard way, but it meant that if you managed to get a sprite moving around on the screen, you’d done a lot of really clever stuff.
“Years later, when that generation of coders grew up, Britain was really punching above its weight in the PlayStation era, when you had the start of games like Grand Theft Auto. The Spectrum bred a generation of really smart programmers.” Ste Pickford, artist and programmer with The Pickford Brothers, quoted in the Guardian 23 April 2012.
Acorn BBC Micro
This was a bigger and more complicated machine that the Spectrum but not as small and ubiquitous as it was over twice the price (a big factor in the 1980s, explaining why the Spectrum became such a hot bed for games programming). The BBC Micro existed for years after in college and school computer labs, as a huge amount of educational software was produced for it. The chip makers went on to produce RISC chips and eventually become ARM, to be bought by the Chinese. Clive Sinclair was knighted.
People
See the People page for more details.
Status
Micro Arts and Micro Arts Group are owned by Story Software Ltd UK.